Analyze a passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Analyze a passage - Essay Example As the author puts it, it is finer and closely godlike to attain such success for city-states or for nations. The reasons support the thesis because they outline how success works to improve the growth of a nation. This refers to the all round development whereby all members of a given society, city or state, work hard t improve their status of living through pursuit if certain desires and sciences, as stipulated by the political leadership. The reasons are plausible in their own right that political science enables political leaders to forecast and determine the direction of growth and development that they want their nation to pursue. As such, they are able to determine the best sciences and studies for their citizens then encourage them to undertake a massive uptake for the general good of the nation. The passage plays an important role in the real world because it enables people to learn specific features of nation development and improvement. Political science enables unification of different opinions and converge them for the benefit of city-states or the nation. Such success receives nation-wide

RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY - Essay Example rt will specifically involves the methodology behind establishing an experiment to examine how stress will be affected due to the mobile phone ring tones. This research proposal aims to identify whether stress level is affected differently based on mobile phone ring tones. The human study was conducted on how ring tones show effect on heart rate and skin conductance in humans. In this research hypothesis, the heart beat rate per minute plays significant role in integrity to stress level. This research study â€Å"Effect of mobile phone ring tones on stress level† is proposed to follow the quantitative research method. Quantitative research method is often used in psychological research to answer the cause-effect question in the research scope. Quantitative research involves the counting and measuring of events and performing the statistical analysis of a numerical data. The current study proposes to follow the experimental method as a means to prove the scientific hypothesis and found it valuable because the researcher is able to constrain or control the situation and various variables. The data collection is proposed mainly through primary data. In this method, collection of metrics derived on causes and coverage of step wise reactions can be observed in response to the ring tone is possible. In order to satisfactorily test this hypothesis, a significant sample group must be recruited to justify a reliable set of study results. The first step in this recruit ment involves narrowing the focus of the potential on same work. This research focuses on the specific change that takes place with introducing the different styles of ring tone – classic, pop, standard by investigator. In order to add reliability to this study, the statistical output is subjected to test of hypothesis. Having identified the necessity to observe the different mobile phone ring tones effect on human stress level, the actual study involves the examining the heart rate and skin conductance

Manufacturing Systems Theory Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Manufacturing Systems Theory - Lab Report Example Normally, this department employs vendor management system in order to maximize its value to the firm by dealing and controlling with suppliers. Just-in-time management system is also utilized in-order to manage inventory and minimize costs. The transformation process is the process of converting input materials into finish products and services needed by the customers. It has several subsystems that work hand-in-hand, with overlapping functions and continuous roles. These subsystems are planning, sourcing, manufacturing and logistics. The transformation process involves different systems in manufacturing. The component systems include sourcing, planning, manufacturing and logistics. The planning and development of products is an essential element for transformation. The inputs for planning include customer requirements and technical information. The information is converted through production planning and schedules using a material resource planning system. The outputs of the department are efficient use of resources, finished product and safer work environment. The manufacturing process is the core process of transformation. The inputs of manufacturing include the raw materials, people, equipments and energy. These inputs are utilized in producing goods, operating the plant and processing materials. The outputs of manufacturing are the finished goods, final assembly or end product that meets the objectives of department and the requirements of the customers. Just-in-time system, lean manufacturing system and flexible manufacturing systems are employed in modern manufacturing firms in order to be effective, efficient and responsive to the demands of the markets. Logistics is a system of warehousing and distribution of finish products intended for the customers. The inputs of logistics are the finish products that are packed and ready for the customers. The transformation process includes the management of the distribution system and allocation of shipment activities. The output is the finished products delivered to the customers, on-time and as required. Total quality management is system of measurements, analysis and improvements. Quality management system is important for the continual improvement of business processes employed in the organization. The system converts information gathered during every processes of manufacturing into analysis and recommendations that are necessary for improvements. Quality management systems may include six sigma practices, business process re-engineering, kaizen and ISO quality systems. Management involves planning, leading, organizing and controlling the whole organization and all the business processes of the firm. The inputs of management include the reports and analysis that are produced in the total quality management system. It is the responsibility of management to utilize the reports and analysis in order to allocate resources, create business strategies and forecast market demands in order for the organization to generate competitive advantage as well as sustain the existence of the business. Corporate and business strategies are the outputs of management. Marketing is another output of management that is focused on the acquisition of new customers and maintenance of existing ones. The inputs of marketing are the

Nepal Flu Pandemic: Causes and Solutions

Nepal Flu Pandemic: Causes and Solutions Short notes on the flu, influenza and Pandemic Influenza also called as flu, is a respiratory illness that is caused by a virus. Flu is highly contagious and is usually spread by the coughs and sneezes of a person who is infected. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 5% to 15% of the worlds population is infected by flu each year. The symptoms of flu are: High temperature, Joints and limbs pain, headache, fatigue, gastro intestinal symptoms that linger for about a week. The Precautions that should be taken during flu attack are Stay at home Avoid contact with other people Keep yourself warm and rest Consume plenty of liquids Avoid alcohol Through vaccination that protects you for about two weeks There are three types of flu viruses ie infuenza A, influenza B and influenza C. Types A and B viruses are the cause of seasonal epidemics and it infect about 20% population of the world each year. The type C influenza virus may cause respiratory illness of mild nature but is not responsible for epidemics. Proteins on the surface of influenza A viruses can be divided into subtypes the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N). 16 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 9 different neuraminidase subtypes are known to exist. A H1N1 and H3N2 are the current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in people. There are no B virus subtypes, but there are different influenza B virus strains. Pandemic A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. It needs global resources to contain the effect of disease. Influenza pandemic means a global outbreak of disease caused by a new type of virus. The past evidences and study suggest that flu pandemic virus spread in all parts of the globe within six to nine months. Due to the changed scenario of the world ie globalization and speed of air travel, influenza pandemic could spread much more quickly. A pandemic usually occur in waves but all parts of the world may not be affected at the same time. The records of pandemic in the world are: Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918. Asian influenza killed 2 million people in 1957. Hong Kong influenza killed 1 million people in 1968. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Cluster The aim of any WASH program is to promote personal and environmental hygiene in order to protect health.. An effective WASH program comprises of Information exchange between the agency and the disaster-affected population Identification of key hygiene problems Formulation of Culturally appropriate solutions Ensure the optimal use of all water supply and sanitation facilities Practice safe hygiene and positive impact in public health . Hygiene promotion is essential for a successful WASH intervention. The focus on Hygiene promotion is general and specific. In general terms, hygiene promotion Is integral to all of the sections and is reflected in the indicators for water supply, excreta disposal, vector control, solid waste management and drainage. In 2005,in order to enhance predictability, accountability and partnership, Humanitarian Reform Agenda introduced the cluster approach with a clear mandate for improving coordination in emergencies. The Global Water Sanitation and Hygiene Cluster is a partnership grouping 32 partners and aiming at improving the coordination and the humanitarian response in the WASH Sector. The main pillars of WASH cluster are: Effective coordination and capacity Timely operational support to national WASH coordination platforms response as needed Improved emergency preparedness Accountability and learning to facilitates effective WASH cluster actions Operational advocacy for WASH (Cluster, 2013) WASH Cluster in Nepal The WASH cluster is led by the Ministry of Urban Development and co-led by UNICEF in Nepal. The WASH cluster is operational in Nepal since 2008 to respond to the displace people of Koshi Flooding. WASH looks after the water sanitation and hygiene of vulnerable communities. Its activities include long term resilience of the community through sustained waste access, water supply, initial need requirement assessment at the time of emergency situations to gather information on minimum water quantities required, minimum number of toilet and public places required, monitoring of water and excreta related disease transmission, household water treatments, and solid waste management. The main focus of the cluster is on the following: Hygiene Promotion Excreta disposal Vector control Solid waste management Proper drainage systems The WASH cluster in Nepal has made a preparedness status in case of an earthquake scenario in Kathmandu. According to the report, the water demand of Kathmandu valley is approx. 320 million per day where as the current supply is 160 million per day. UNICEF conducted seismic vulnerability mapping of the drinking water supply system in 2003 along with the capacity mapping in 2008. The cluster has prepared a contingency plan with the participation of Government of Nepal, UN and other I/NGOs. UNICEF has made 22,000 standard hygiene kits available along with prepositioned stock of WASH supplies that include water tanks, toilet slabs, buckets, and water treatment equipment. Prime Minister Calamity (Relief) Fund 2063 of Nepal A Prime Minister Disaster relief fund release policy 2063 was formulated to set up a Prime minister relief fund and to define the policy for the use of relief fund so that effective assistance can be provided to the disaster victims. The Fund is operated by the committee of 8 members, secretary from the Prime minister office being the secretary. All the amount of the fund is deposited in Nepal Rastra Bank or any other bank. The amount of the fund shall be operated with the signature of at least two persons. The committee can share its rights of using fund with CNDRC or DDRC as per requirement. The fund comprises the amount received from: The aid given by members of government service The amount given by NGO, INGos , industrialist, NRN , citizens Aid providing country , foreign NGO Other sources The fund can only be used for following purpose: Rescue of the disaster victim and protection of property. Temporary camp establishment To provide Emergency food, medicine , aid, clothes and education Medical treatment of those injured due to disaster Aid for dead body management. Disaster preparedness and awareness Debris removal and management Aid for Shelter construction and rehabilitation The fund operation committee comprises following members : Vice-Chairperson National planning commission Secretary : MOHA Secretary : Ministry of local development Secretary : Ministry of Population and Health Secretary : Ministry of water Resources Secretary : Ministry of Agriculture development Secretary : Ministry of physical planning and construction Secretary: Coordinator, Office of Prime minister and council of ministers. The accounts and Audits is maintained in accordance of the prevalent law. National Relief Standard 2064 of Nepal The National relief standard 2064 was formulated as a guideline for providing financial assistance to the disaster victims. It was amended in 2064 and 2069. This relief standard comprises of Rescue preparedness management Emergency Relief and Rescue Information management, Supervision and Evaluation Rescue preparedness management Central disaster relief committee arranges for standby search and rescue materials for immediate response. Risk assessment and hazard mapping for minimizing risk and warehousing of relief material in centre, regional and district level. Identify the type of disaster the district is vulnerable to . Maintenance of standby skilled manpower at least 25 . For search and Rescue , in all 75 districts , rescue equipments are warehoused and 25 persons are kept standby. Provision of central disaster relief fund of 7 lakh and District disaster relief fund 3 lakh. Socials worker, Ngos should coordinate with LDRC for public awareness about disaster management. The displace people should be organized in a camp that is established in a open space other than school and healthpost. DDRC should coordinate national and international Search and Rescue team. Emergency rescue and aid distribution DDRC should provide 40000 for the family of person who die in a disaster. If a house and food crops are destroyed due to disaster, for emergency sustainment of life Rs 5000 per family is given. If camp has to be organized, DDRC should coordinate MOHA. If food and financial aid is to be provided, the details should be sending to MOHA. The aid should be provided through either LDRC or DDRC. The presence of elected Member of Parliament/ leaders of all political parties encouraged. If the situation of local displacement is prominent upto 20,000 aid can be provided after the decision of DDRC. For the contingency situation CNDRC can provide additional 15000/ Family. The treatment of disaster victim in governmental hospital is free. RS 1000 to be provided for further care. For the rehabilitation and Reconstruction Ministry of forest should provide subsided wood. If any member of disaster victim family wants to go for foreign employment, DDRC should recommend to Department od labor and transport. The victims of Earthquake , Flood, Landslide, Thunderstrom, Strom, Cold web , Snow Fall , Air, road accident and boat capsize due to disaster are only liable for aid. CDO can spend Upto Rs 5000, through the decision of DDRC. The actions mentioned above can only be implemented by DDRC within the 30 days of disaster. Information management, Supervision and evaluation A website of National focal point should be made for information dissemination. NEOC and CDO office should update the statistics of central and district level of disaster and publish it annually. RDRC should evaluate and supervise the work of DDRC at least one time a year and send report to CNDRC. CNDRC should deploy supervision and evaluation team to monitor the activities of RDRC and DDRC . Nepal Government provided medal and prize for those who do commendable work during disaster. Dead Body management Guidelines 2068 During disaster response the dead body management is equally important as search and rescue actions. Dead body management guidelines was endorsed to guide the concerned stakeholders for effective collection, transport, storage, identification and funeral of the dead body so that dead body can be managed and the community need not bear further loss due to the effect of mismanaged dead body. The dead body management guidelines was approved by council of ministers in 2068 and thus implemented. The aim of this guidelines is to make a standard operating procedure to lawfully manage dead body effectively by Assigning responsibility to an agency for dead body management in central and district level. Defining the role and responsibilities of concerned stakeholders Provide platform for preparedness Capacity building Training and awareness for proper search, transport, storage, identification and management of dead body. Information sharing The organizational system for dead body Management The central responsibility of management of dead body is of MOHA and NEOC. In district level the responsibility of dead body management is of DDRC and CDO office. There is provision of dead body management committee in every districts that comprise of 8 member that includes members of the Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, Hospitals, Army, Red Cross and DDR The secretary of the committee is the CDO of each district. The effective dead body management means Search and collection of dead body : The dead body should be searched immediately and should be stored , identified and perform funeral rituals in appropriate manner. The following points should be considered while searching a dead body: Security clearance of dead body The security of relief workers like use of boot, gloves and personal safety equipments. Each dead body should be given different number. If the body is shattered each parts should be given a different number. Before wrapping up a dead body four pictures from different angle ie face , whole body , body below chest , body above knee should be taken . Identification form should be filled. Transportation of Dead Body: Dead body should be transported to morgue. Before transporting the dead body : Identification Secure the dead body and transport with due respect Dead body should be covered. Ambulance should not be used. Storage and preservation of dead body : Hospitals and private hospitals can be used Identification of dead body By primary methods like fingerprints , forensic deontology , radiology, DNA By secondary methods like observation, photograph , details , clothes etc. Verification of dead body: Post mortem data collection and Ante mortem Data collection Final management of dead body Set priority Issue dead certificate Handover the dead body to the concerned Information and communication management Media management Crisis communication Aid to Victim Establish family communication center Provide psycho social aid Capacity Building program: The program to enhance the capacity to manage the dead body effectively should be endorsed. Inter Agency Standing Committee Inter agency standing committee (IASC) was established in June 1992 after the resolution of General Assembly 46/182 with the prime aim of inter agency coordination of humanitarian assistance. It is a forum where the key UN and non-UN humanitarian partners are involved. Under the leadership of Emergency Relief coordinator, the IASC Develop humanitarian policies Division of responsibilities on various aspects of humanitarian assistance Identifies and addresses gaps in response Advocates for effective application of humanitarian principles. The key principles of IASC are: Respect for mandates: IASC respect the mandates of individual organizations. Ownership : All organization have equal ownership Overall objective : is to support humanitarian action Relevance to field operations Subsidiarity : decisions taken at the most appropriate level as agreed by IASC Impartiality of Secretariat Full members of the IASC are The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) The United nations office for the coordination of Humanitarian Affairs(OCHA) The United Nations Development Program(UNDP) The United Nations Human settlement Programme(HABITAT) The United nations High Commissioner for refugee(UNHCR) The United Nations Children Fund(UNICEF) The United Nation Population Fund(UNFPA) The World Food Programme(WFP) and TheWorld Health Organisation(WHO). Standing invitees of the IASC are ICRC International council for voluntary agencies(ICVA) IFRC InterAction International Organisation for Migration(IOM), Office of the high Commisiioner for human Rights, Steering committee for humanitarian Responseand World Bank Describe Cluster Approach focusing on Nepal A cluster is a group of organization working together to improve the humanitarian response. Humanitarian coordinator leads the cluster at country level. In 2005, in order to enhance predictability, accountability and partnership, Humanitarian Reform Agenda introduced the cluster approach with a clear mandate for improving coordination in emergencies. Cluster approach id used for any major and new emergencies. The several criteria that triggers the activation of cluster are : Lack of capacity on ground Multi sector response Wide Range of Actors The decision lies primary in field. After the disaster the initial need and gap assessment is done. To fill the gap the appropriate sectors are activated by the humanitarian coordinator in close consultation with the Humanitarian country Team. Explain UN Civil Military Coordination in your own words Un civil and military coordination is an essential dialogue and interaction between civilian and military actors in humanitarian emergencies necessary to promote and promote humanitarian principals, avoid competition , minimize inconsistency and when appropriate pursue common goals. (OCHA). Coordination is generally a shared responsibility. It is facilitated by liaison and joint training. The basic elements of UN civil Military coordination are: Information sharing Task division Planning United Nations Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination (UN-CMCoord) is essential for the establishment and protection of the ideal humanitarian operating environment in emergencies. Cooperation and co-existence are two strategies that can be applied in certain emergency contexts. However competition and conflict may still occur. It is essential that in the times of disaster, the military and civilian actors involved in response, must coordinate in critical areas in order to enhance cooperation and co-existence and minimize competition and conflict.The critical areas for cooperation can be security, logistics, transportation, communications, health and information. Primary Tasks Associated with the UN-Civil Military coordination function are : Support the establishment and sustainment of dialogue with military forces. Assist in the development and dissemination of guidelines for the humanitarian community’s interaction with military forces and armed actors. Establish a mechanism for the coordination of the UN humanitarian interaction with military forces and other armed actors. Monitor assistance activities undertaken by the military forces. Assist in the negotiation of issues in critical areas of coordination. UN civil military coordination is a broad framework that integrates the effort of civilian and military and guides political and military actors on how best to support the humanitarian action. Based on internationally agreed guidelines, a context-specific policy is developed that establishes humanitarian civil-military coordination structures, ensuring staff members are well trained to make that coordination work. UN-civil military coordination is essential in complex emergencies order to facilitate humanitarian access, the protection of civilians and the security of humanitarian aid workers. (OCHA)

Don’t Shoot: A call for International Diplomacy Essay -- Essays Papers

Don’t Shoot: A call for International Diplomacy Worldwide terrorism became the central focus of the United States’ foreign policy following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. At that time, the world saw the obvious hatred that other countries hold toward the U.S. and the extreme danger that came with it. Our eyes were opened to foreign issues that many of us were not previously aware of. President Bush’s initial response to the new danger was to overtake and reform two regimes, Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as to eliminate Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. Instability still exists in these areas of the world, but there looms a much more immediate threat in the nuclear countries of Iran and North Korea. Said countries both possess histories of nuclear proliferation, which have recently become more threatening. Each country has violated treaties in regards to their nuclear pursuits and, presently, both countries are actively developing weapons of mass destruction. The United States has established a trend of forcefully instituting change in other countries where it sees fit, as in Afghanistan and Iraq. In the case of Iran and North Korea, such a policy is unnecessary at this time. There currently exists insufficient threat from either country to warrant an attack, so a preemptive strike would be disastrous and unnecessary. The only circumstances that necessitate physical force are those in which the United States and/or other nations are immediately and inevitably endangered. We do not possess the military or economic resources for another full-scale war front as most of our troops and funds have been exhausted in Afghanistan and Iraq (Schwenninger 17). The United States’ course of... ... 50-51. Coulter, Ann. Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003. Forbes, Steve. â€Å"Ticking Bomb.† Forbes 6 Sep. 2004: 33. Gannon, Jeff. â€Å"Iraqi Leader Challenges Western Media Bias.† Talon News 28 Sep. 2004: 25-26. Hanson, Victor Davis. â€Å"Kill the insurgents. Stop Talking.† The New Republic. 7 June 2004: 13-14. Hirsch, Michael and John Barry. â€Å"Madmen, Rogues & Nukes.† Newsweek 11 Oct. 2004: 34-35. â€Å"Japanese official says North Korea holds nuclear weapons: report.† 17 Oct. 2004: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 18 Oct. 2004. Available WWW: http://news.yahoo.com. Scoblic, J. Peter. â€Å"As I Say: Bush v. Bush on North Korea.† The New Republic 4 Oct 2004: 11-13. â€Å"Will the US now attack Tehran?† New Statesman 27 Sep. 2004: 6. Zakaria, Fareed. â€Å"A Vision, and Little Else.† Newsweek 13 Sep 2004: 37.

Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy

Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy Abstract This paper will discuss the adjustments that accompany terminal illness within a family setting. The methods that are applied in the theory of choice will be explored as to whether the treatment is appropriate for this type of tragedy. The compatibility of this theory and this issue will be explored when dealing with the family unit. Terminal Illness Impact and Bowenian Therapy A family is two or more people who consider themselves family and who assume obligations, functions, and responsibilities generally essential to healthy family life. (Barker, 1999. p. 55). Families create patterns that are passed on from grandparents to parents and from parents to children. These become the traditions and part of the value systems that are instilled in the lives of all that are involved. Murray Bowen developed his views of theory pertaining to family systems theory. His view is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). His perspective of the family as a whole having an impact on each individual family member was also shared by many of his colleagues.The objective was to work with the family to understand that unresolved conflict with our original families is the most important unfinished business of our lives. He started out working with mother and child, and then he added fathers to the equation. (Nicholas & Schwartz. 2009, p. 138). The interactions between family members generate how a crisis is handled. If a family is close knit, it may be a considered a sign of weakness to let outsiders know how they are feeling or if there is a problem within the family.Generation to generation brings an aspect to the next generation about how a matter such as terminal illness is handled. The emotional interdependence presumably evolved to promote the cohesive ness and cooperation families require to protect, shelter, and feed their members. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). Older family members such as great grandparents may come from an era that believed in privacy or the cultures may consider this type of problem a bad omen. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but maybe not a good one either. Stress causes may reactions in many different ways.According to Bowen, the family is viewed as an emotional unit and uses system thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). A family has a specific purpose for everyone included. It gives a sense of familiar, a sense of completeness, and a sense of belonging. Attachment to the family member that is sick is ultimate for the entire family. The bond sometimes becomes more of an issue than the actual stress of the patient having a terminal illness. Terminal illness and death, however, would appear to be the ultimate way to resol ve the attachment bond. Clair, 2000, p. 512). Terminal illness is an infection or disease which is considered ultimately fatal or incurable. It can go undetected, patients cannot afford proper care, or the illness is virulent enough that it will resist medical intervention. (www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-terminal-illness. htm). Terminal illness impacts the entire family. The family consists of more than just parents and children. Grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, and uncles make up family as well. There are people who become part of a family through interactions throughout people’s lives.Friends can be just as much a part of the family as the biological members. Some people have better relationships with outside people than those who are born to them. Some parts of the family may not fit as well as others because even though a family is considered a functioning unit, all parts do not always work. When there is anxiety or stress within the family, the individual members show h ow they can function on their own. Differentiation of self from the family of origin is defined as the ability to function autonomously as an individual without being emotionally dependent upon or attached to the family process. Murdock & Gore, 2004, p. 319). Behind closed doors families have an order of rank. There is an order that an individual serves in the community, but the family is the most important role someone can have. The individual that has the strongest backbone so to speak is usually the person higher up the rank chain. This person is usually the tradition carrier. This is usually the one who has the ability to keep the family functioning in time of stress. The responsibility that accompanies being a family member may be more than some people can handle.When a serious illness is an issue that families deals with every day, somehow there will be problems. If there is an imbalance between togetherness and separation forces in the family system, anxiety is experienced wi thin the individual. (Ecke, Chope, & Emmelkamp. (2006), p. 84). Stress is any influence that interferes with the normal functioning of an organism and produces some internal strain or tension. (Barker, 2003. p. 420). Discovering that a tragedy of this type is a problem within any family is not a good thing, yet sometimes it takes a crisis to fix what is wrong.Stress contributes to the way an individual’s life will function. When a family is going through a traumatic event, the functioning of the individual is not what is thought about. The fact that someone that is loved is going through a hard time is a major factor. It is not a time to think about other members of the family, it is centered on the person who is sick. Most families put the differences aside so that the issue at hand can be dealt with. Bowen viewed that the two forces: togetherness and individuality centered on the two counterbalancing each other. (Nichols & Schwartz. 009. P. 140). If a family member has an u nresolved issue of some sort with other family members, then how can it be expected for the family to function in a time of distress? Resolving an emotional attachment to the family is what this theory says must take place in order for the functioning to work. As adults we are expected to fulfill certain roles and positions. As productive aspects of the community as well as within the family as a participating member, this must be accomplished. It reflects back to the upbringing and the culture that a person comes from.When a family is not able to function as a whole unit, stress can be a good thing because it gives the family a common goal in which to work towards fixing together. Terminal illness can be a surprise as well as an expected occurrence. It can cause strain on a family emotionally, financially, and physically. Dealing with grief and loss, may make the family feel as if they are on a roller coaster ride. The ability of a family’s survival is a part of the foundati on on which the family is built. Illness can last for short periods of time as well as for extended periods.Every member of a family handles situations differently. According to Kubler-Ross, grief has stages that a person goes through. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance is the order in which a person is suppose to grieve, but it may not necessarily work out that way. (Zastraw & Kirst-Ashman, 2007. p. 566). Some stages may be skipped or some may not be gone through at all. The ability to pass from one stage to the next is how the family system functions is an aspect of Bowen’s theory. In Bowen’s theory, the stress response expands beyond the individual to include the family.He theorized that if a family functions under the strain of stress then the individual could function. The family as a unit revolves around the fact that each member of the family plays an important role. If one of the members can not pull their weight, then the entire family could suffer. If one person is not able to accept and handle what is thrown out when dealing with an issue such as terminal illness then the entire family system could suffer. The way a family works is dependent on how its members can work together as a single functioning unit. Families create alliances in many ways.Sometimes in families parents are each others’ support while the children usually stick together. Usually alliances are formed as well as the normal array. Children gravitate to the grandparents or to a favorite aunt or uncle as well as other relatives. The family figures out how to make the family work by the way the alliances are formed. The way problems are handled can easily be passed from generation to generation. Culture plays a part in how families deal with issues within the family. Children are affected more often during this type of situation in the family.The adults feel that the children should be protected at all cost. Grieving is a normal process of life as well as being a part of the family circle. Grief is the multifaceted response to death and losses of all kinds, including psychological, emotional, social, and physical reactions according to Waldrop. (Waldrop, 2007, p. 198). Telling a child that a parent or grandparent has a sickness that may take them away is somewhat difficult to do. If a child is not an appropriate age to understand the concept of what a terminal illness is, then they cannot grieve properly.This is a part of the family system that has a breakdown. The children not understanding and being able to cope and function as individuals in the system gives the theory some weight. Even adults who do not come to terms with the severity of the stress of dealing with a terminal illness will cause extra stress for the family. People who are not biological member of a family can still be family members. Doctors, nurses, and other caregivers become a part of the family because of the relationship that is build when they come into ontact with the family. As an individual tries to demonstrate the capability of growing and becoming a productive part of society, the way a family creates bonds is essential to that goal. As people interact relationships from all walks will make paths become intertwined. Some of these relationships become as strong as relationships that come from within the family and just as important. Bowen believed that a family functions as a unit if the individuals in the family system can function on their own.His theory is to help the individual and the entire family is helped. When a serious crisis comes along and the family members must deal with the emotional, psychological, and even the physical aspects, the ability to put small things aside to look at the overall picture comes into play. It is shown that families work only as well as the members in the family work. Different theorists have used the initial framework of family systems as the basis for their ideas and it has been sh own many times that as a system the family works whether functional or dysfunctional.This theory of Bowen has shown that in order for the family to function in a crisis the individual family members must be able to work together to form the unit. It takes every member doing his or her part. Taking care of individual needs in order to build and maintain healthy relationships is a must. The family does operate as a unit running on the mind, body, and soul of each and every member. It is critical that each member be able to interact and function with the other members. Murray Bowen had the conception that the unit that makes a family can function as a whole if the members can work together.It is a must that a family needs all of the members in order to create the bound of togetherness that is required to perform completely. There are other theories that would also fit this issue of terminal illness, but Bowen’s Theory also fits that illness and it shows that family members have an impact on a family while dealing with a serious problem. Family means many things to many people. It requires work regardless of the situation that a family is in. The acceptance of loving your family is part of the bond that will not allow a family to stray away from one another even though there will be struggles.The perception that a family is only functioning if all are participating is not always true. The fact that members can allow themselves to see, give, and say that love is in their hearts and minds, makes a family a wonderful place to be. The theory of Bowen’s and his colleagues helped to create ways for families and their members to have an available resource of treatment. It is good to know that there are options out there that are beneficial to families and their members. References Barker, R. L. (ED). (2003). The Social work dictionary (5th ed. ) Baltimore, MD: NASW Press.Clair, M. St. , (2000). An unfortunate family: terminal illness and the altering of the attachment Bond. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 54 (4), 512 -518. Davis, B. D. , Cowley, S. , & Ryland, R. (1996). The effects of terminal illness on patients and careers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 512 – 520. Ecke van, Y. , Chope, R. C. , & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2006), Bowlby and Bowen: attachment theory and family therapy. Counseling and Clinical Psychology Journal, 3(2), 81-108. Fraser, B. , McKay, L. , & Pease, L. , (2010). Interview with Michael Kerr.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(1), 100 – 109. Klever, P. (2005). Multigenerational stress and nuclear family functioning. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27 (2), 233 – 250. Murdock, N. , & Gore, P. (2004). Stress, coping, and differentiation of self: a test of Bowen Theory. Contemporary Family Therapy, 26 (3), 319 – 335. Nichols, M. , & Schartz, R. , (2009). The essentials of family therapy, 4/e. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Waldrop, D. , (2007). Caregiver grief in terminal illnes s and bereavement: a mixed-methods Study.Health and Social Work, 12 (4), 197 -206. Wright, J. , (2009). Self-soothing – a recursive intrapsychic and relational process: the Contribution of the Bowen Theory to the process of self-soothing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 30 (1), 49 – 41. www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html retrieved on October 16, 2011 at 4:30p. m. www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-terminal-illness. htm retrieved on November 1, 2011 at 1:15 a. m. Zastrow, C. , & Kirst-Ashman, K. (Ed). (2007). Understanding human behavior and the social Environment (7th ed. ) Belmont, California: Brooks/Cole.

Pre1914 prose study Essay

A single eye opens. On the dark, damp night of November, Frankenstein’s creation at last exists. Chapter 5 shows the awaking of his creation, literally his child. For so long he toiled, working towards this moment. But for what? For when the time came, only negative attitude was expressed. And so Victor deserts his â€Å"monster†, plunging the creation into complete darkness, lost, lonely and unaware. Frankenstein wants nothing to do with it, but to his creation, Victor is his everything. He made him; he is his mother, his father, and ultimately his God. Although, to say that Victor is a parent is rather ironic; it’s such an inhumane way of creating a living human being, such a ‘masculine’ form of science cannot work, it’s not naturally correct to deny the feminine act of child birth. Also, Frankenstein never once considered what he would do with the creation once he is alive; therefore, Victor fails as a parent. Frankenstein never educated the creation, and denies loving it. In the absence of love, Frankenstein’s Monster is forced to learn the hard way. The reactions he received drives the creature to realize that appearance and physicality is an important part of the public’s vain judgments. Rejected, uneducated and even nameless, it’s distanced from humanity and branded with such names as ‘wretch’, ‘daemon’, and ‘monster’ in which most of the names are from his creator’s own mouth. Such a gentle soul never had any physical contact with the human race and therefore attaches itself to the De Lacy family. Soon developing new emotions and sensations, he gains pleasure from help the family suffering from poverty. In return, he gains a steady education, Just like a child, and with a child, his knowledge builds off the teaching of Felix De Lacey. An important factor in this is the books he reads; Plutarch’s Lives, Volney’s Ruins of Empire, Goethe’s The Sorrows of Werther and most importantly Milton’s Paradise Lost. All of them represent the idea of romantic thinking in which Mary Shelley was associated. When presenting his arguments, he quotes from one such book: â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed† (p. 77-8) He quotes Paradise Lost and relates himself to one character. Satan. Judged by his appearance, the public see him as evil and yet he is a tragic character, isolated from the world. He sees this mirrored in Milton’s Satan. Believing that perhaps the De Lacey family may accept him as a normal person and with that only to fail, was the stimulus to the beginning of his transportation from love to hate. Demonstrated in this novel is that creation isn’t just finished at the beginning of life. Frankenstein gives birth to this child of science, but makes him what he is branded, and ultimately what he is. A monster. By deserting him, he created an isolated and suffering being. With addition to being rejected by any other living person, this makes him a tragic figure. Victor was deeply self-absorbed, never once thinking of the welfare of his creation, but rather how to distance himself further from it. But, when moved by the monster’s happenings, he agrees to make a female partner. But again, he abandons him for his own welfare, and will not complete his companion. After making his creation, he fears making another double of his regret. The creature denies this though, he only wishes for a companion for the rest of his days on earth. Yet roles are reversed in the heart of the novel. In the beginning, power is mostly in Victor’s possession but by the time of meeting, the creature dominates, leading Victor into the wilderness of the mountains.